Instagram Email Scraper: Practical Contact Discovery Methods
The real challenge isn't finding emails—it's doing it in a way that respects privacy, builds trust, and actually gets responses. This guide walks you through compliant methods that work in 2025.
Quick Navigation
- Why Email Discovery Matters on Instagram
- What Information Is Actually Available
- Method 1: Manual Profile Review
- Method 2: Browser Tools and Extensions
- Method 3: Business Account Data
- Method 4: Pattern Recognition and Research
- Building Your Outreach Workflow
- Compliance and Privacy Standards
- Response Rate Optimization
- Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Tools Comparison Matrix
- Real-World Use Cases
- FAQ: Email Discovery Questions
- Next Steps and Resources
Why Email Discovery Matters on Instagram {#why-email-discovery}
Instagram's direct messaging works well for quick conversations, but email remains essential for serious business proposals, contract negotiations, and structured campaigns. When you're reaching out to potential partners, brand collaborators, or B2B prospects, having their email means you can send detailed proposals, track open rates, and follow professional communication standards.
Business development needs
If you're building partnerships with e-commerce brands or service providers whose audience matches yours, then email gives you space to present case studies, past campaign results, and detailed collaboration terms that won't fit in a DM.
Influencer campaign management
Marketing teams running influencer campaigns need email addresses to send contracts, brief documents, payment information, and campaign assets. A DM works for initial contact, but professional workflows require email threads.
Customer research and feedback
When you're analyzing your follower base for product development or market research, finding business emails among your most engaged followers helps you conduct deeper interviews and usability studies.
Sales prospecting
B2B companies using Instagram for brand awareness need email addresses to move prospects from social engagement into structured sales conversations with demos, proposals, and follow-up sequences.
If your current outreach relies solely on DMs and you're seeing low response rates or difficulty with professional follow-through, then adding email to your contact discovery process typically improves both response quality and conversion rates.
What Information Is Actually Available {#available-information}
Instagram profiles display different types of contact information depending on account type and user settings:
Public profile contact fields
Business and Creator accounts can display:
- Email address (if added in Contact Options)
- Phone number (optional)
- Physical address (for local businesses)
- WhatsApp button (links to phone number)
Personal accounts rarely show this information unless manually added to the bio.
Bio text patterns
Many users include contact information in their bio text:
- Direct email addresses (e.g., [email protected])
- Generic handles (e.g., "DM for business inquiries")
- Link tree or website URLs that lead to contact pages
- Professional titles with implied contact methods
Website and external links
Profile link fields often point to:
- Personal websites with contact pages
- Link aggregators (Linktree, Beacons) containing email
- Company websites with team directories
- Portfolio sites with inquiry forms
Story highlights and pinned content
Some creators include email addresses in:
- "Work with me" story highlights
- Pinned posts about collaborations
- IGTV videos about business inquiries
- Guides about partnership opportunities
Understanding where information lives helps you build efficient discovery workflows without resorting to tools that violate platform terms.
Method 1: Manual Profile Review {#manual-review}
The most compliant approach is systematic manual review of target profiles:
Step 1: Export your target list
Start by exporting the follower or account list you want to research. Use Instagram Follower Export to get a CSV of usernames, then systematically visit each profile.
If you're researching competitor followers or influencers in your niche, export those lists first so you can track your progress through the contact discovery process.
Step 2: Check Contact Options button
Business and Creator accounts display a "Contact" button below their bio. Tapping this reveals email, phone, or direction options the account owner has chosen to share.
On desktop, this appears as "Email" or "Contact" button. On mobile, it's a prominent button that opens a sheet with available contact methods.
Step 3: Parse bio text carefully
Read the bio for:
- Email addresses (look for @ followed by domain)
- Instructions like "Email in bio" or "Contact via link"
- Professional titles that suggest company affiliation
- Team role descriptions (e.g., "Managed by @agencyname")
Copy found emails into your spreadsheet along with the username for later outreach personalization.
Step 4: Follow profile links
Click the profile link and examine:
- Contact page sections
- Team or About pages with individual emails
- Inquiry forms (less ideal but functional)
- Footer sections with company email addresses
Link aggregators like Linktree often have an "Email" button that either displays the address or opens your mail client.
Step 5: Document findings systematically
Create a spreadsheet with columns:
- Instagram username
- Email address (if found)
- Source (Contact button / Bio / Website / Not found)
- Follower count
- Engagement rate estimate
- Notes (e.g., "Prefers DM for initial contact")
This method is time-consuming but completely compliant and gives you context about each contact that helps with personalization later.
When manual review makes sense
If you're vetting 20-50 high-value prospects for an enterprise campaign, then manual review lets you assess profile quality, audience authenticity, and content alignment while you gather contact information.
Method 2: Browser Tools and Extensions {#browser-tools}
Browser extensions can speed up manual processes, but choose carefully to avoid platform violations:
Safe extension categories
Profile data organizers: These tools help you bookmark profiles and copy visible information into organized lists. They don't scrape hidden data—they just make it easier to collect what's already displayed.
Link expanders: Extensions that automatically visit profile links and extract contact information from the destination page. Useful when you have hundreds of Linktree or Beacons links to check.
Clipboard managers: Tools that watch for email patterns while you browse and automatically save them to a running list. Speeds up copy-paste workflows.
Red flags to avoid
Extensions requesting Instagram login: Any tool asking for your Instagram credentials is a security risk and potential TOS violation.
Automated bulk scrapers: Tools that promise to "extract 10,000 emails instantly" are scraping at a rate that will flag your IP and potentially your account.
Private data access claims: If a tool claims to access private account information or extract emails not displayed publicly, it's violating both platform terms and privacy regulations.
Implementation approach
If you use browser tools, limit them to organizing and copying publicly displayed information. Combine them with manual verification to ensure you're not collecting data users haven't chosen to share.
For instance, visit a profile, check if email is displayed in Contact Options or bio, then use a clipboard manager to organize it—rather than running an automated scraper across thousands of profiles.
Method 3: Business Account Data {#business-accounts}
Business accounts are designed for discoverability and typically share more contact information:
Why Business accounts differ
Instagram encourages Business and Creator accounts to add contact information to facilitate brand partnerships, customer service, and professional inquiries. These accounts are opting into discoverability.
Discovery workflow for Business accounts
- Use Keyword Search to find accounts in your niche by topic or hashtag
- Filter for Business/Creator accounts (they display category labels)
- Check Contact Options on each profile
- Cross-reference with Hashtag Research to find active accounts in relevant conversations
Business accounts in categories like "Beauty," "Fitness," "Marketing," or "Consulting" are more likely to display email because they're actively seeking business opportunities.
Industry-specific patterns
E-commerce brands: Usually display customer service email
Freelancers and consultants: Personal business email in bio or Contact button
Agencies: Team email or general inquiry address
Content creators: Management company email or personal booking address
If you're targeting a specific industry, understanding these patterns helps you prioritize which profiles to review first for the highest contact discovery rate.
Method 4: Pattern Recognition and Research {#pattern-recognition}
When profiles don't display email directly, you can often construct it through research:
Company domain identification
If a profile lists company affiliation (e.g., "Marketing Director @TechCorp"), visit the company website and look for:
- Team directory pages with individual emails
- Contact page with email format pattern
- LinkedIn profiles of the same person (which may list email)
Many companies use standard formats: [email protected], [email protected], or [email protected].
Name + domain tools
Once you identify someone's full name and company domain, email permutation tools can suggest likely combinations. Then verify with:
- Email verification services (check if address exists)
- LinkedIn message asking directly
- Trial and error with professional, polite inquiry emails
Cross-platform presence
Check if the Instagram handle appears on:
- Twitter/X (bio may include email)
- YouTube (About section often has business email)
- TikTok (creator profiles sometimes show email)
- Personal websites or blogs (author pages)
Content creators often use the same handle across platforms, and some platforms are more email-friendly than Instagram.
Portfolio and GitHub profiles
For designers, developers, and technical creators, check:
- Behance or Dribbble portfolios (contact sections)
- GitHub profiles (email in commits or profile)
- Medium or dev.to author pages
These platforms cater to professional networking and typically display contact information more openly.
When pattern recognition works
If you've identified 200 target accounts, found direct emails for 80 through profile review, and have full names and company affiliations for another 60, then pattern recognition can help you fill in the remaining contacts without additional scraping.
Building Your Outreach Workflow {#outreach-workflow}
Email discovery is just the first step. Here's how to turn contacts into conversations:
Step 1: Segment your contact list
Group contacts by:
- Follower tier: Micro (1K-10K), mid (10K-100K), macro (100K+)
- Niche alignment: Perfect fit, adjacent audience, experimental
- Engagement level: High (5%+), medium (2-5%), low (<2%)
- Contact source: Direct display, website lookup, research
Different segments need different messaging approaches and priority levels.
Step 2: Personalize your templates
For each segment, create email templates that reference:
- Specific posts or content you admire
- Shared audience interests or demographics
- Unique value proposition for their situation
- Clear, simple ask with defined next steps
If you're reaching out to fitness influencers, mention their recent workout series. If targeting e-commerce brands, reference their product line and your audience's purchasing behavior.
Step 3: Warm up with DMs
Before sending cold emails, engage authentically on Instagram:
- Comment meaningfully on 2-3 recent posts
- Share their content to your story (if genuinely relevant)
- Respond to their stories when appropriate
- Wait 3-5 days, then send email with context
Your email open rate increases when recipients recognize your name from positive prior interactions.
Step 4: Track and optimize
Log all outreach in a spreadsheet:
- Date sent
- Template used
- Response received (Yes/No/Pending)
- Response time (if applicable)
- Outcome (Partnership/Pass/Needs follow-up)
If one segment or template performs better, analyze why and adjust your approach for remaining contacts.
Step 5: Follow up systematically
Send follow-up emails:
- Day 5: Gentle reminder with added context or new angle
- Day 12: Final check-in with clear deadline or alternative ask
- No response: Remove from active list, revisit in 3-6 months
Persistence is valuable, but respect boundaries when signals indicate disinterest.
CRM integration
If you're managing outreach at scale, import your contact list into a CRM like:
- HubSpot (free tier handles small campaigns)
- Mailchimp (email sequencing and tracking)
- Notion or Airtable (flexible tracking workflows)
- Dedicated influencer platforms (e.g., AspireIQ, Creator.co)
Connect your Instagram analytics—available through Instagram Followers Tracker—to track follower behavior alongside outreach outcomes.
Compliance and Privacy Standards {#compliance-privacy}
Email discovery must respect both platform rules and privacy regulations:
Instagram Terms of Service
Instagram prohibits:
- Automated collection of user data without permission
- Using scraped data for unsolicited marketing
- Collecting information from private accounts
- Bypassing technical protections
Compliant approach: Manually review public profiles, collect only information users have chosen to display publicly, use data for legitimate business outreach, honor opt-out requests immediately.
GDPR considerations (EU contacts)
If you're contacting EU-based users:
- Legal basis: Legitimate interest for B2B outreach is often sufficient, but document your reasoning
- Transparency: Be clear about how you found their contact information
- Right to erasure: Honor requests to delete data immediately
- Data minimization: Collect only necessary fields (email, name, Instagram handle)
Template language: "I found your contact information on your public Instagram business profile. If you'd prefer not to receive business inquiries via email, please reply and I'll remove you from my list immediately."
CCPA considerations (California contacts)
For California-based contacts:
- Provide clear opt-out mechanisms
- Disclose data collection and use in your privacy policy
- Honor "Do Not Sell" requests (though B2B outreach typically doesn't constitute a "sale")
CAN-SPAM compliance
All business emails must:
- Include accurate "From" and subject lines
- Provide your physical address
- Offer clear unsubscribe mechanism
- Honor opt-outs within 10 business days
Even if you're not technically doing "bulk email," following CAN-SPAM demonstrates professionalism and builds trust.
Ethical boundaries beyond legal minimums
Don't do this:
- Email personal accounts for pure sales pitches
- Use email addresses found on one platform to spam across multiple channels
- Collect emails for purposes unrelated to your stated business
- Ignore requests to stop contact
Do this instead:
- Send relevant, personalized outreach to business accounts
- Limit frequency to 1-2 touchpoints before accepting non-response
- Be transparent about how you found their contact information
- Maintain an internal suppression list for opt-outs
If your outreach feels spammy to you, it will feel spammy to recipients. Aim for messages you'd want to receive.
Response Rate Optimization {#response-optimization}
Finding emails is easy; getting responses is hard. Here's what moves the needle:
Subject line testing
Generic (2-5% open rate):
- "Partnership opportunity"
- "Collaboration inquiry"
- "Business proposal"
Specific (8-15% open rate):
- "Loved your specific post topic—idea for you"
- "Mutual connection suggested I reach out"
- "Quick question about your specific product/service"
Curiosity + value (12-20% open rate):
- "Your audience + our product = interesting experiment?"
- "Data on niche topic you'll find useful"
- "A better pain point solution for your workflow"
Test 2-3 subject lines per segment. Use the winner for remaining outreach.
Email body structure
Paragraph 1: Why you're reaching out (specific to them)
Paragraph 2: Brief value proposition (what's in it for them)
Paragraph 3: Clear, low-friction ask (single action with deadline)
Signature: Name, role, social proof (follower count, brands worked with)
Keep total length under 150 words. If you need more explanation, offer to send additional information upon reply.
Timing optimization
Best days: Tuesday-Thursday (avoid Monday rush and Friday wind-down)
Best times: 10-11 AM or 2-3 PM in recipient's timezone
Avoid: Weekends, major holidays, early mornings, late evenings
If you're reaching out internationally, research business hours for target regions and schedule accordingly.
Social proof elements
Include:
- Brands you've worked with (if relevant)
- Follower count or engagement metrics (if impressive)
- Specific results from past collaborations ("30% sales increase")
- Mutual connections or shared communities
Don't oversell—brief mentions that build credibility without sounding boastful.
Follow-up impact
Single email: 10-15% response rate
Email + follow-up: 20-30% response rate
Email + DM warm-up + follow-up: 30-40% response rate
The right follow-up frequency increases response rates without annoying recipients. Wait 5-7 days between touchpoints.
Common Mistakes to Avoid {#common-mistakes}
Learn from what doesn't work:
Mistake 1: Generic mass emails
Problem: Sending identical emails to 500 people signals low effort and gets ignored or marked as spam.
Fix: Use templates, but customize the first sentence and ask for each recipient. Mention something specific to their profile or content.
Mistake 2: Vague value propositions
Problem: "I think we could collaborate" tells recipients nothing about why they should care.
Fix: Be specific. "I'd like to feature your productivity tips in our newsletter reaching 15K remote workers—here's what past featured creators gained."
Mistake 3: Asking for too much too soon
Problem: Long email requesting a 30-minute call, brand partnership contract review, and content creation commitment in the first message.
Fix: Start with a single, simple ask: "Would you be open to a brief conversation about this?" or "Can I send you a one-page overview?"
Mistake 4: No follow-up system
Problem: Sending one email and giving up when you don't get immediate response.
Fix: Plan a 2-touchpoint sequence minimum. Many successful partnerships happen after the second or third contact.
Mistake 5: Ignoring mobile optimization
Problem: Long paragraphs and complex formatting that's hard to read on phones, where most Instagram users check email.
Fix: Short paragraphs (2-3 sentences max), clear line breaks, no fancy formatting, simple asks.
Mistake 6: Failing to track and learn
Problem: Repeating the same unsuccessful approach because you're not measuring what works.
Fix: Log response rates by segment, subject line, and email template. Double down on what works; drop what doesn't.
Mistake 7: Scraping contact info inappropriately
Problem: Using aggressive scrapers that collect emails from private accounts, bio text, or non-business profiles.
Fix: Only collect information users have explicitly chosen to display publicly, focusing on Business/Creator accounts designed for professional contact.
Tools Comparison Matrix {#tools-comparison}
Understanding tool categories helps you choose the right approach:
Manual + spreadsheet workflow
Best for: Small campaigns (20-100 contacts), high-value prospects, compliance-focused teams
Pros: 100% compliant, gives context on each prospect, builds genuine familiarity
Cons: Time-intensive, doesn't scale, prone to human error
Cost: Free (time investment only)
Browser extensions (organizing tools)
Best for: Medium campaigns (100-500 contacts), repetitive profile review tasks
Pros: Speeds up manual process, organizes data, still compliant if used properly
Cons: Requires careful tool selection, some tools violate TOS, potential security risks
Cost: $0-50/month
Email verification services
Best for: Confirming guessed or researched email addresses before sending
Pros: Reduces bounce rate, confirms email exists, protects sender reputation
Cons: Doesn't find emails (only verifies), costs per verification, not always accurate
Cost: $0.001-0.01 per verification
Examples: Hunter.io, ZeroBounce, NeverBounce
Pattern recognition tools
Best for: B2B outreach where you have names and company domains
Pros: Fills gaps when emails aren't displayed, reasonably accurate for common formats
Cons: Requires existing information, hit-or-miss accuracy, feels less warm
Cost: $50-200/month
Examples: Hunter.io (domain search), Voila Norbert, FindThatLead
Instracker.io export + manual enrichment
Best for: Instagram-focused campaigns needing clean follower lists plus contact discovery
Workflow:
- Export follower or target account lists via Instagram Follower Export
- Export engagement data via Comments Export and Likes Export
- Manually review top-engaged accounts for contact information
- Use Hashtag Research to find additional accounts by topic
- Track ongoing follower changes with Instagram Followers Tracker
Pros: Combines compliant data export with manual enrichment, focuses on engaged users, respects privacy
Cons: Still requires manual contact discovery step
Cost: Pay-per-export pricing (no subscription)
All-in-one influencer platforms
Best for: Large-scale influencer marketing programs with budget for tools
Pros: Database of pre-vetted creators with contact info, campaign management, payment handling
Cons: Expensive, limited to creators in their database, less flexible
Cost: $500-5,000/month
Examples: AspireIQ, Creator.co, Klear, Upfluence
Real-World Use Cases {#use-cases}
How businesses actually use email discovery:
Case Study 1: SaaS company influencer program
Company: Project management tool for creative teams
Goal: Partner with 50 design influencers (10K-100K followers)
Approach:
- Used Keyword Search to find accounts discussing "design workflow" and "productivity"
- Exported follower lists from 3 top design influencers via Instagram Follower Export
- Manually reviewed Business accounts with 10K+ followers
- Found direct contact information for 62 of 150 target accounts (41% discovery rate)
- Researched company affiliations and guessed email patterns for another 28 accounts
- Sent personalized outreach offering free premium accounts in exchange for honest review content
Results:
- 24 email responses (27% response rate)
- 16 agreed to trial and content creation
- 8 became paid partners after trial period
- Campaign generated 180K impressions and 950 trial signups
- Cost: 40 hours of manual research + $1,200 in free account value
Key lesson: Focusing on Business accounts with displayed contact information created a highly efficient discovery process for their niche.
Case Study 2: E-commerce brand customer research
Company: Sustainable fashion brand
Goal: Interview 20 customers about product development priorities
Approach:
- Identified 500 most-engaged followers using Instagram Followers Tracker
- Exported this segment via Follower Export
- Manually checked profiles for email addresses (primarily looking for fashion bloggers and Business accounts)
- Found contact information for 83 accounts
- Sent email invitation offering $50 gift card for 30-minute video interview
Results:
- 31 positive responses (37% response rate)
- Conducted 22 interviews (14 women, 8 men, ages 24-38)
- Identified 3 priority product categories and 7 specific feature requests
- Led to successful product line expansion based on actual customer input
Key lesson: Targeting engaged followers rather than random accounts dramatically increased both contact discovery success and response rates.
Case Study 3: Marketing agency client acquisition
Company: Social media agency specializing in wellness brands
Goal: Sign 10 new clients from Instagram cold outreach
Approach:
- Used Hashtag Research to identify brands in wellness, fitness, and mental health niches
- Identified accounts with 5K-50K followers (sweet spot for needing agency help)
- Manually reviewed 300 brand accounts, prioritizing those with inconsistent posting or low engagement
- Found business contact information for 127 accounts (42% discovery rate)
- Sent personalized email audit showing 3 specific content improvements with examples
Results:
- 38 email responses (30% response rate)
- 19 discovery calls booked
- 12 new clients signed (9.4% conversion from email send)
- Average contract value: $2,500/month
- Total new monthly revenue: $30,000
Key lesson: Leading with specific, valuable insights (the free audit) differentiated their outreach and justified the contact discovery effort.
FAQ: Email Discovery Questions {#faq-email}
Q: Is it legal to email someone whose address I found on their Instagram profile?
A: Yes, if the email is publicly displayed on a Business or Creator account for professional contact. This is different from scraping hidden data or emailing personal accounts for unsolicited sales. Always honor opt-out requests immediately and follow CAN-SPAM requirements.
Q: What's a realistic email discovery rate for Instagram accounts?
A: For Business/Creator accounts in professional niches (marketing, consulting, e-commerce): 35-50% will display direct contact information. For personal accounts or non-business niches: 5-15%. Your mileage varies by industry and follower size.
Q: Should I use automated scraping tools to find emails faster?
A: Automated scraping that accesses data users haven't chosen to share publicly violates Instagram's TOS and privacy regulations. Manual review or browser tools that organize publicly displayed information are safer and more compliant. Speed isn't worth account suspension or legal risk.
Q: How do I verify an email address before sending?
A: Use email verification services (Hunter.io, ZeroBounce, NeverBounce) that check if an address exists without sending mail. This protects your sender reputation and reduces bounce rates. Cost is typically $0.001-0.01 per verification.
Q: What if someone responds asking how I got their email?
A: Be transparent: "I found your email in the Contact Options on your Instagram Business profile" or "Your email was listed on your website linked from your Instagram bio." Honesty builds trust and demonstrates you used public information appropriately.
Q: How many follow-ups should I send if I don't get a response?
A: 1-2 follow-ups is professional; 3+ starts feeling pushy. Wait 5-7 days between messages. If no response after 2 follow-ups, respect the silence and remove them from your active outreach list.
Q: Can I buy lists of Instagram users' email addresses?
A: Legally questionable and practically ineffective. Purchased lists often contain outdated or inaccurate information, have high bounce rates, damage sender reputation, and may violate privacy regulations if data was collected without consent. Build your own list from publicly available information instead.
Q: What's the difference between scraping emails and manual discovery?
A: Manual discovery means you personally visit profiles and copy information users have chosen to display publicly. Scraping typically refers to automated tools that mass-collect data at scale, often including information users didn't intend to share. Manual is compliant; aggressive scraping risks TOS violations.
Next Steps and Resources {#next-steps}
Start your compliant email discovery workflow:
Step 1: Define your target audience
Before collecting any contact information, be clear about:
- Who you're trying to reach (niche, follower tier, location)
- Why you need their email (partnership, sale, interview, feedback)
- What value you offer in exchange for their attention
- How many contacts you realistically need
Don't collect more data than you can use. A focused list of 50 well-researched contacts outperforms a scattered list of 500.
Step 2: Build your discovery workflow
Choose your approach based on campaign size:
- Small (20-100 contacts): Manual profile review + spreadsheet
- Medium (100-500 contacts): Manual review + organizing browser tools + email verification
- Large (500+ contacts): Segment into batches, manual discovery for high-value prospects, pattern recognition for fill-in
Step 3: Create outreach templates
Draft 2-3 email templates for different audience segments. Include:
- Personalization hooks (subject line, first sentence)
- Clear value proposition (what they gain)
- Simple ask (single action, deadline if appropriate)
- Professional signature with social proof
Test subject lines and opening paragraphs with small batches before scaling.
Step 4: Set up tracking and CRM
Log every contact with:
- Instagram username
- Email address
- Source of contact info
- Segment/priority level
- Outreach status (Not contacted / Sent / Responded / Closed)
- Notes on conversation and outcomes
Use this data to optimize future campaigns.
Step 5: Launch and iterate
Send your first batch (25-50 emails), wait 7-10 days, analyze results:
- Open rate (use tracking if available)
- Response rate
- Positive response rate
- Common objections or questions
Adjust your templates, subject lines, and targeting based on what you learn.
Essential Instagram tools to support your workflow
- Export target accounts: Instagram Follower Export and Following Export
- Find engaged users: Comments Export and Likes Export
- Discover by topic: Keyword Search and Hashtag Research
- Track changes: Instagram Followers Tracker
- Research profiles: Instagram Profile Viewer
Related reading
- Instagram Follower Scraper: Complete Guide — Broader data collection strategies
- Instagram Follower Export: Comprehensive Guide — Export workflows and use cases
- Instagram Data Extraction Complete Guide — Technical foundation for data projects
Call to action
Ready to build your contact list? Start by exporting your most engaged followers with Instagram Follower Export, then systematically review Business accounts for contact information. Focus on quality over quantity—50 relevant, reachable contacts beat 500 random addresses.
Compliance reminder: Only collect publicly displayed contact information from Business and Creator accounts. Honor all opt-out requests immediately. Follow CAN-SPAM and applicable privacy regulations (GDPR, CCPA) for all commercial emails.